Carbon exists in the earth's atmosphere primarily as the gas carbon dioxide. This makes up 0. Only 21 per cent of what we inhale is oxygen and of this, per cent is exhaled, the body retaining generally enough for its needs. It seems strange - odd, even - that the odd numbers are usually on the left, even on the right.
There's lots to consider. The problem needs to be addressed. You don't have to be a Rhodes scholar to know that even numbers are streets ahead of those rather odd figures, hence the even numbers are situated on the best side of the street. I have lived in different towns and in different countries and I have lived on the odd side of the street.
Therefore my side is odd and the other side is even! Almost all local councils here follow the European scheme, ie: odd numbers on the left side, as viewed from the datum point at the start of the road, and even numbers on the right. One of the few things they manage without risking the appointment of an administrator.
The odd versus even system is found in most English speaking countries, with the odd numbers being assigned to the western or southerly aspects of a street. In Australia, the boundary between councils may instigate a restart in numbering.
In rural areas where properties are sparse, numbers may be related to the distance from a road's origin. For example a roadside box number would be m from the roads start.
The numbering starts from the end closest to the marker with the number one on the right, 2 on the left and so on. It's a dexter conspiracy. As in Europe, Australian addresses use odd numbers on the left side from where the street begins and even numbers on the right.
The street usually starts at the closest point to the nearest GPO in a town or city. Napoleon has often been credited with the idea of odd numbers on one side and even on the other.
But different councils have different policies. In Manly, our family home was No 3 on our road; it was on the left. In Elderslie Camden Municipality , we're No 22 on our street and still on the left. Odd, isn't it? England had an assistance treaty with Poland, and therfore they would have declared war on Russia. We never hear about the fact that England should also have declared the war on Russia in and not just Germany when they both carved up Poland. It may be a more interesting question to ask: If World War I had ever happened, would Adolf Hitler ever have come to power?
Hitler took Germany into World War II on the back of the failure of the Weimar Republic, rampant poverty and the perceived unfairness of the Treaty of Versailles, which had caused outrage among German nationalists. If Adolf had been bumped off in World War I, it's more than likely that some other fanatic would have plunged the country back into war.
The Nazi Party gained power by exploiting rampant nationalism, including anti-semitism and anti-communism, and propaganda. The ruthlessness of the Nazi takeover may have allowed any leader to take them to war, but in the end it was Hitler's charismatic oratory that erased any misgivings the people might have after WWI, urged them on to fight for Lebensraum "room to live" , and carried them into the ultimate conflict.
The tension between Japan and the USA would have sparked off a Pacific war and the tension which later produced the Cold War would have come forward to bring on a conflict in Europe. Eventually yes. Hitler was the catalyst for World War II to happen, but he wasn't the only dictator.
Stalin was worse than him and Mussolini was pretty extreme too. We change our breathing to match our activity. When we move skeletal muscles, we use energy and therefore need more sugar and oxygen.
Muscles have a good blood supply, bringing oxygen and glucose and taking away carbon dioxide. As muscles move more — for example, if we go from walking to running — the heart pumps faster increased heart rate to increase the blood supply and we breathe more quickly increased respiratory rate to get more oxygen into the blood.
The respiratory rate can be increased or decreased to suit the amount of oxygen needed. To increase the respiratory rate, effectors in the lungs are triggered to ventilate inhale and exhale faster, so carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen brought in more quickly. At the same time, the brain sends messages to the heart to beat faster, pumping oxygenated blood to the cells more quickly.
The depth of breathing can also be altered so that a larger or smaller volume of air is taken into the lungs. Respiratory rate is one of the respiratory vital signs Box 1. To diagnose any respiratory problem, these vital signs need to be measured at rest and at work Cedar, Respiratory rate is hard to measure, because when patients are told it is going to be measured, they usually start to breathe slower or faster than normal.
It may be beneficial for nurses to tell patients that they are going to measure their temperature, and then measure their respiratory rate at the same time. Accurately measuring breathing rate and depth at rest gives a key measure of pulmonary function and oxygen flow. Changes in breathing rate and depth at rest not only tell us about physical changes in the body, but also about mental and emotional changes, as our state of mind and our feelings have an effect on our breathing.
Our respiratory vital signs not only change during the course of one day according to our activities, but also during the course of our lifetimes. Immediately after birth, the newborn has to switch from drawing oxygen from the blood to inflating its lungs and taking air into them Schroeder and Matsuda, ; Rhinesmith et al, Babies have a much faster heart rate and respiratory rate than adults: they take about 40 breaths per minute because they have smaller lungs Royal College of Nursing, Heart rate and respiratory rate slow down with advancing age, partly because the lungs become less able to expand and contract.
Becoming less elastic with age, all our muscles — not only skeletal muscle but also smooth muscle and cardiac muscle — reduces the speed at which they expand and contract Sharma and Goodwin, When we die, one of the signs of death is the cessation of breathing.
Oxygen stops diffusing into the blood and, as ATP is used up and we are unable to synthesise more, we become cyanotic. In the brain, the potential difference measured in volts becomes the same inside and outside the neurons, and electrical activity stops. The brain ceases all activity, including the involuntary activity that is needed to sustain life. Health professionals are likely to encounter patients with breathing problems in any setting.
Common respiratory conditions are:. Patients who are rapidly deteriorating or critically ill must be assessed immediately, and nursing interventions can go a long way to ensure recovery Fournier, In an acute situation, one of the first interventions is to ensure the airways upper respiratory tract are clear so air can be drawn into the lungs.
ABCDE stands for:. An inability to breathe normally is extremely distressing and the more distressed a person becomes, the more likely it is that their breathing will be compromised.
If one of our lungs collapses, we can manage without it, but we do need at least one functioning lung. We have about 90 seconds worth of ATP stored in our bodies, which we constantly use, so we need to be able to get oxygen.
A solid understanding of vital respiratory signs, as well as human breathing patterns Box 2 is key. Armed with such know-ledge, nurses can react quickly to acute changes, potentially saving lives and restoring health Fletcher, Tagged with: Newly qualified nurses: systems of life.
Sign in or Register a new account to join the discussion. You are here: Respiratory. Every breath you take: the process of breathing explained. Abstract Breathing uses chemical and mechanical processes to bring oxygen to every cell of the body and to get rid of carbon dioxide.
This article has been double-blind peer reviewed Scroll down to read the article or download a print-friendly PDF here. Source: Peter Lamb. Box 1. Vital signs of breathing Respiratory rate RR — number of breaths taken per minute.
Box 2. Key points Energy in our bodies is obtained by breaking the chemical bonds in molecules Oxygen sourced from the air is a vital ingredient in the process of energy synthesis The respiratory system is designed to facilitate gas exchange, so that cells receive oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide Breathing changes throughout the day according to our activities In an acute situation, one of the first interventions is to check the airways are clear so air can be drawn into the lungs.
Cedar SH Homeostasis and vital signs: their role in health and its restoration. Nursing Times ; 8, Fletcher M Nurses lead the way in respiratory care. Nursing Times ; 24, Fournier M Caring for patients in respiratory failure. American Nurse Today ; 9: Neuman MR Vital signs. IEEE Pulse ; 2: 1, Indeed, a growing animal is basically a machine that converts plants into flesh.
So, since all the carbon dioxide we exhale originated in carbon dioxide captured by plants during photosynthesis, we are not disturbing the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere by breathing.
On the other hand, when we burn fossil fuels such as gasoline, we are releasing carbon dioxide that forms from carbon atoms that had been removed from the atmosphere millions and millions of years ago by photosynthesis and had then been sequestered in the coal, petroleum and natural gas that forms when plants and animals die and decay.
By burning these commodities we are increasing the current levels of carbon dioxide. Clearly then, by living and breathing we are not contributing to global warming through the release of carbon dioxide. But can we help reduce global warming by dying? We no longer exhale carbon dioxide and it will be a long time before the carbon atoms in our body eventually make it back to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. Of course, there are always plenty of new babies who start to respire as we expire. Enter your keywords.
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